A non-destructive testing (NDT)Refers to a range of techniques and methods used to assess the integrity, quality, and properties of materials, components, or structures without causing damage… technique for detecting anomalies in a pipeline that involves introducing mechanical stressThe internal forces and pressures experienced by a pipeline as a result of various factors, including internal and external loads, operating conditions, and env… waves that propagate axially from a circumferentialAn event that occurs or is measured along the circumference of a pipeline. It implies the direction or orientation that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axi… array of low-frequency (LF) transducers placed around the pipeline at a fixed location.