Refers to the stressThe internal forces and pressures experienced by a pipeline as a result of various factors, including internal and external loads, operating conditions, and env… and deformationRefers to any change in the shape, configuration, or geometry of a pipeline from its original or intended form. It results from various factors, including exter… that a pipeline experiences due to external forces, such as ground movement, soil settlement, or external loading. When a pipeline is subjected to external forces, it undergoes strainRefers to the stress and deformation that a pipeline experiences due to external forces, such as ground movement, soil settlement, or external loading. When …, which is the measure of the change in shape or length of the pipeline caused by these forces. Pipeline strain can be categorized as axial or lateral strainDeformation that occurs when a pipeline is subjected to bending or curvature. It is caused by external loads or forces that create a bending moment on the pipel….