StressThe internal forces and pressures experienced by a pipeline as a result of various factors, including internal and external loads, operating conditions, and env… that occurs when a material is subjected to pulling or stretching forces that elongates material. It is a normal stress componentAny physical part of the pipeline, other than line pipe, including but not limited to valves, welds, tees, flanges, fittings, taps, branch connections, outlets,… that acts perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the material and tends to pull the material apart.