Refers to a large-scale deformationRefers to any change in the shape, configuration, or geometry of a pipeline from its original or intended form. It results from various factors, including exter… or displacement that occurs along the entire length of the pipeline, either vertically or horizontally. It is a severe form of buckling where the entire pipeline segmentA specific section of a pipeline system that is typically defined based on its geographic location, operational characteristics, or other relevant factors. Seg… bends or buckles in a uniform manner, resembling a wave-like shape.