A localized deformationRefers to any change in the shape, configuration, or geometry of a pipeline from its original or intended form. It results from various factors, including exter… or buckling of a pipeline that results in a wrinkled or wavy appearance on the pipe's surface. It occurs when the pipe experiences compressive forces that cause it to fold or buckleA deformation of the pipe wall caused by lateral instability under longitudinal compressive stresses imposed by axial or bending loading acting on the pipe cros…, leading to a deviation from its original straight or smooth shape.